世人现见瓶衣等种种假物。妄谓亦是现量。
其实皆由分别而生。以彼有分别智于色等义不得自相。
但是于义异转与上所云现现别转者。不侔故名似现量也。
八大山人的风
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朱耷,又名朱道朗,号良月,八大山人是他晚年的文号。
明太祖朱元璋第十六子宁王朱权的后裔。宁王改封南昌后,历代子孙世居南昌等地,共分八支,八大山人是弋阳王七世孙。
其祖父朱多(P95)是一位诗人兼画家,山水画风多宗法二米,颇有名气。
父亲朱谋觐,也擅长山水花鸟,名噪江右,可惜中年患暗疾去世,叔父朱谋,也是一位画家,著有《画史会要》。
八大山人生长在宗室家庭,从小受到父辈的艺术陶冶,加发聪明好学,八岁时便能作诗,十一岁能画青山绿水,小时候还能悬腕写米家小楷。
八大山人的书法艺术和篆刻图章,也有他独特的风格。他努力吸收了历代书法家的优秀传统,创造了一种以秃笔书写的秀健挺拔、潇洒豪迈的艺术风格。他也是我国书法大师。他的篆刻图章,形体古朴,刻划劲拔,含意幽奥,别具一格。
八大山人的绘画艺术,对我国画坛影响很大,三百多年来,著名的大笔写意派画家,都或多或少受了他的影响,如清代乾隆年间的“扬州八怪”,清末的吴昌硕,近代的齐白石等。八大山人不愧为我国古代画家中的巨匠,是元明以来写意派画家中的大师。
八大山人善画山水和花鸟。他的画,笔情恣纵,不构成法,苍劲圆秀,逸气横生,章法不求完整而得完整。他的一花一鸟不是盘算多少、大小,而是著眼於布置上的地位与气势。及是否用得适时,用得出奇,用得巧妙。这就是他的三者取胜法,如在绘画布局上发现有不足之处,有时用款书云补其意。八大山人能诗,书法精妙,所以他的画即使画得不多,有了他的题诗,意境就充足了,他的画,使人感到小而不少,这就是艺术上的巧妙。
他的山水画多为水墨,宗法董其昌,兼取黄公望,倪瓒、他用董其昌的笔法来画山水,却绝无秀逸平和,明洁幽雅的格调,而是枯索冷寂,满目凄凉,於荒寂境界中透出雄健简朴之气,反映了他孤愤的心境和坚毅的个性。他的用墨不同于董其昌,董其昌淡毫而得滋润明洁,八大山人干擦而能滋润明洁。所以在画上同是「奔放」,八大山人与别人放得不一样,同是「滋润」,八大山人与别人润得不一样。一个画家,在艺术上的表现,能够既不同於前人,又于时人所不及。
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